Alternating dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy caught by coastal fishery in relation to the Kuroshio meander in the Enshu-nada Sea

In the mid 1970s, the fishery catch of postlarval Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonica) in a shelf region of the Enshu‐nada Sea, off the central Pacific coast of Japan, started to decline corresponding to a rapid increase of postlarval sardine (Sardinops melanostictus). In late 1980s, sardine started to decline, and it was replaced by anchovy in the 1990s. This alternating dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy corresponded to the alternation in egg abundance of these two species in the spawning habitat of this sea. It was also noteworthy that during the period of sardine decline, sardine spawning occurred in April–May, a delay of two months compared with spawning in the late 1970s. The implication of oceanographic changes in the spawning habitat for the alternating dominance of sardine and anchovy eggs was explored using time‐series data obtained in 1975–1998, focusing on the effect of the Kuroshio meander. Large meanders of the Kuroshio may have enhanced the onshore intrusion of the warm water into the shelf region and contributed to an increase in temperature in the spawning habitat. This might favour sardine, because its egg abundance in the shelf region was more dependent on the temperature in early spring than was that of anchovy. In addition, enhanced onshore intrusion could contribute to transport of sardine larvae from upstream spawning grounds of the Kuroshio region. On the other hand, anchovy egg abundance was more closely related to lower transparency at the shelf edge, which may indicate the prevalence and prolonged residence of the coastal water, and therefore higher food availability, frequently accompanying non‐meandering Kuroshio. The expansion/shrinkage of the spawning habitat of sardine and anchovy in the shelf region, apparently responding to the change in the Kuroshio, possibly makes the alternation in dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy most prominent in the Enshu‐nada Sea, in combination with changes in the abundance of spawning adults, which occurred almost simultaneously in the overall Kuroshio region. The implication of this rather regional feature for the alternating dominance of sardine and anchovy populations on a larger spatial scale is also discussed.     

黄海区远东拟沙丁鱼的种群研究

自从远东拟沙丁鱼在我国开发以来,引起了水产界的广泛重视,但关于其种群研究的文章尚未见到。依作者近几年对黄海区远东拟沙丁鱼的研究,该区远东拟沙丁鱼有两个群体,即一个是产卵群体,一个是索饵群体。本文则是用判别分析和逐步判别的统计学方法研究远东拟沙丁鱼的种群。计算结果表明,这两群标本之间都存在着统计学上的明显差异性。特别在利用对鱼类种群鉴定起决定作甩的计数性状进行判别时,差异的显著水平更高,其F值为116.93,回判成效为98.65％,证实了黄海远东拟沙丁鱼隶属于两个不同的种群。     

Mesoscale eddies and survival of late stage Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) larvae

We examined the distribution of sardine larvae relative to environmental conditions with the purpose of identifying and characterizing habitat that encourages high larval growth and survival, based on the 1983–1998 surveys of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). Long-term averages show that sardine 'survivors' (spatially aggregated larvae ≥ 18 days old) were most abundant offshore, whereas sardine egg density, chlorophyll biomass and zooplankton volume were greatest inshore. In contrast, mesoscale eddies, observed in remotely sensed sea surface temperature imagery, were found only in offshore regions. To further examine the link between eddies – which often result in locally elevated chlorophyll and zooplankton – and sardine survival, we compared the distribution of larvae and eddies survey by survey. Sardine survivors were most abundant offshore in only one-quarter of the research surveys, and when they were most abundant offshore they were associated with eddies. This indicates that the offshore eddy habitat produced exceptionally large numbers of survivors, as evidenced by the disproportionate effect on the long-term average.     

Variability in the spawning habitat of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off southern and central California

The spatial pattern of sardine spawning as revealed by the presence of sardine eggs is examined in relation to sea surface temperature (SST) and mean volume backscatter strength (MVBS) measured by a 150 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) during four spring surveys off central and southern California in 1996–99. Studies in other regions have shown that MVBS provides an excellent measure of zooplankton distribution and density. Zooplankton biomass as measured by survey net tows correlates well with concurrently measured MVBS. The high along‐track resolution of egg counts provided by the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) is a good match to the ADCP‐based data. Large interannual differences in the pattern and density of sardine eggs are clearly related to the concurrently observed patterns of surface temperature and MVBS. The strong spatial relationship between sardine eggs and MVBS is particularly evident because of the large contrast in zooplankton biomass between the 1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña. The inshore distribution of sardine spawning appears to be limited by the low temperatures of freshly upwelled waters, although the value of the limiting temperature varies between years. Often there is an abrupt offshore decrease in MVBS that is coincident with the offshore boundary of sardine eggs. Possible reasons for this association of sardine eggs and high zooplankton biomass include an evolved strategy that promotes improved opportunity of an adequate food supply for subsequent larval development, and/or adult nutrient requirements for serial spawning. Hence, the distribution of these parameters can be used as an aid for delineating the boundaries of sardine spawning habitat.     

基于最大熵模型的西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭栖息地差异

远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus和日本鲭Scomber japonicus作为西北太平洋的主要关联物种,研究其潜在栖息地分布以及对该海域环境变化响应的差异对管理和持续利用该渔业资源有重要的科学意义。本研究采用最大熵模型,利用2017~2021年盛鱼期(5~11月)在西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的渔业数据,结合海表面温度 sea surface temperature, SST、海表面盐度 sea surface salinity, SSS、海表面高度 sea surface height, SSH、叶绿素浓度 chlorophyll-a, Chl-a、涡旋动能 eddy kinetic energy, EKE、不同水层温度(包括50m、100m、150m、200m),通过贡献率的大小分别筛选出各月对远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭排位前三的关键因子,根据二者对各月关键环境因子的响应曲线,获得各月关键因子对二者潜在栖息地的月间变化,最终模拟出二者在5~11月的潜在栖息地分布图。结果表示,远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的潜在栖息地变动与实际作业位置具有一致性,随着月份的增加均呈现先向东北方向移动,在向西南方向折回的运动趋势,且二者各月潜在栖息地位置均大范围重叠。在6、8~10月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子均为SSH、SST、Chl-a,且适宜范围相差不大。5、7、11月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子有所不同,远东拟沙丁鱼5月的关键因子为SSH、EKE、SST,7月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,11月为EKE、SST、Chl-a,而日本鲭5月为SSH、EKE、Chl-a,7月为SST、Chl-a、SSS,11月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,各月环境因子的适宜范围不同。此外,随着月份增加日本鲭最适栖息地面积向北逐渐缩小,7和11月份面积最小,而远东拟沙丁鱼最适栖息地面积有增大趋势,11月份最适栖息地延伸到37°N以北的地区。该研究表明SSH、SST、Chl-a的变化对西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭潜在栖息地分布变化均有重要影响,而EKE、SSS是造成二者之间潜在栖息地分布变化差异的主要原因。     

黑眶蟾蜍皮肤白蛋白的纯化及胰蛋白酶抑制活性

[目的]探讨黑眶蟾蜍皮肤白蛋白的纯化及胰蛋白酶抑制活性。[方法]通过离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析,从黑眶蟾蜍皮肤中得到其白蛋白,命名为BufomA-skin。65nmol／L的BufomA-skin分别与30nmol／Ltrypsin在25℃不同保温时间（0．25—24h）下测定胰蛋白酶抑制活性,计算剩余酶活力。[结果]BufomA-skin为单链蛋白,分子量约为66．7kDa。但在非还原状态下,50～66kDa条带呈弥散样。该蛋白有抑制胰蛋白酶水解小肽底物的活性,但对其他丝氨酸蛋白酶如凝血酶、糜蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶及枯草杆菌蛋白酶无抑制。BufomA-skin与胰蛋白酶保温24h后,胰蛋白酶活性无恢复。[结论]黑眶蟾蜍皮肤白蛋白具有稳定的胰蛋白酶抑制活性,在黑眶蟾蜍防御天敌捕食的过程中发挥重要作用.     

北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼渔场时空分布及其最适环境特征

基于2019—2020年北太平洋灯光敷网渔业数据和海表温度、叶绿素、海面高度等环境数据,采用空间叠加图、频次分析与经验累积分布函数、K-S检验和GAM模型4种方法分析了远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops sagax)渔场的单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)时空分布特征及与关键环境因子的相关关系。分析结果显示,作业渔场重心分布范围为147°~153°E、39°~43°N,在4—8月向东北方向移动,9—11月则向西南方向折返。通过频次分析与经验累积分布函数分析,中心渔场区域最适海表温度为10.0~18.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。K-S检验分析表明,高值CPUE海域和海表温度、叶绿素浓度、海面高度均有密切关系,最适范围分别为10.9~18.9 ℃、0.2~0.6 mg/m3、0.2~0.7 m。GAM模型模拟结果表明,高值CPUE的最适海表温度为11.0~17.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.3~0.8 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.1~0.4 m。综合来说,CPUE高值区海域的最适海表温度为11.0~18.0 ℃,叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。     

The effect of vertical and horizontal distribution on retention of sardine (Sardinops sagax) larvae in the Northern Benguela – observations and modelling

In the present study, a modelling experiment is conducted to simulate the transport of sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs and larvae in the Northern Benguela. Based on historical and newly obtained data, different scenarios of vertical and horizontal distribution are applied and the effects on retention are discussed. The simulations showed that vertical and horizontal distribution were important for retention of sardine larvae in the Northern Benguela. By using age‐dependent data on vertical distribution, it was shown that retention of particles in the simulation was substantially enhanced compared with a scenario where particles were distributed in the offshore moving Ekman layer. Retention was lowest during October–December (when upwelling intensity is high) and highest during February–April (when upwelling intensity is somewhat lower). When different spawning areas were considered, highest retention was observed in an area near Walvis Bay. It is concluded that the behaviour of sardine larvae is adapted to the circulation system in the Northern Benguela in a way that promotes retention of the larvae in inshore nursery areas.     

Herpesvirus that caused epizootic mortality in 1995 and 1998 in pilchard, Sardinops sagax neopilchardus (Steindachner), in Australia is now endemic

Propagating epizootics due to Pilchard herpesvirus (PHV) occurred in the Australian population of pilchard, Sardinops sagax neopilchardus (Steindachner) (Clupeidae), in 1995 and 1998-99, with up to 60% losses. No mortality events have been evident in the ensuing 7 years, one reason for which could be that PHV is now endemic. During 2004, a survey was conducted to establish if PHV was present in pilchards in Australia. The pilchard is a highly active, pelagic schooling fish which is found in subpopulations, creating difficulties for the conduct of surveys. It occurs in Australian coastal waters and embayments below about 25 degrees S latitude, feeds on plankton and is predated by birds, mammals and larger fish. It reaches sexual maturity at 2 years of age, spawns at sea, enters embayments when about 5 months old and returns to sea when about 1 year old. It may live for 6-9 years, reaching a maximum length of 200 mm. It forms schools and may travel up to 30 km per day. Pilchards aggregate in mobile shoals of fish containing large highly mobile schools, which interact randomly and exchange individuals. Four subpopulations were defined for the purposes of this survey based on differences in biological characteristics: south-eastern Queensland/northern New South Wales (NSW), Victoria/South Australia (SA), south coast Western Australia (SWA) and west coast Western Australia (WWA). Specimens were obtained from the catch of commercial fishermen using random sampling where possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of PHV was performed after appraising the suitability of all available tests according to their impact on sample size requirements, total survey costs and logistical constraints. In the analysis, estimates of true prevalence (TP) of infection and 95% confidence limits were adjusted from the apparent prevalence estimates provided by PCR results. Percentage TP of PHV and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the four subpopulations: NSW, SA, SWA and WWA were thus estimated as 0 (0-1.5), 31 (22-43), 42 (31-55) and 29 (20-41), respectively. PHV is now endemic in Australian populations of pilchard. Implications of the findings for fisheries management are discussed.